stenking wrote:AKBApuyc wrote:stenking wrote: Так что Линукс как раз создан в США [наверное все же в Финляндии].
А где например находится Linux Foundation где сейчас [сейчас - да] работает Linus Torvalds который живёт в США?
Headquarters: San Francisco, California, USA Tokyo, Japan, Seoul, Korea
Нет не в Финляндии. В Финляндии он родился на плечах десятка других американских проектов ( unix, gnu.... ) и сразу же перебрался в США где благополучно развивается до сих пор. Количество кода Линукса написанного в США много больше кода написанного европейскими программистами.
http://www.linux.org/info/Linux is an operating system that was initially created as a hobby by a young student, Linus Torvalds, at the University of Helsinki in Finland. ..He began his work in 1991 when he released version 0.02 and worked steadily until 1994 when version 1.0 of the Linux Kernel was released.
перебрался в 1996-ом
вот еще пример современных технологий... nuclear plants
- впервые запущен в СССР
- на сегодня Европа далеко не в хвосте по производству электричества на ядерных станциях
ну и напоследок -
By forging ahead with widespread implementation of innovative conservation practices, renewable energy technologies and fuel efficient transportation, Europe has managed to reduce its 'ecological footprint' to half that of the United States for the same standard of living. The average European emits half the carbon of an average American and uses far less electricity. It takes 40 percent more fuel for an American car to drive a mile than a European car.
How has Europe managed to achieve this? Through smart, strategic government policy, working closely with the private sector, to advance incentives and regulations that encourage the necessary behavior from consumers, households and businesses.
During the past decade, as the US has resorted to increasingly desperate strategies to secure more oil -- whether Middle East wars under Bush-Cheney or more offshore drilling under Obama -- the European landscape has been slowly transformed by new conservation and renewable energy technologies that look like something out of a sci-fi movie.
Europe leads the world in the production of wind power, and Germany leads Europe. All across rural Germany giant windmills line the landscape like rows of a new-fangled crop. Nationwide more than twenty thousand windmills generate 8 percent of the country's electricity, some 21,000 megawatts (MW) of power, enough to power ten million homes and save an estimated forty-two million tons of carbon dioxide. Germany has plans to build an additional thirty offshore wind farms in the North and Baltic seas. Britain, Spain, Portugal and Sweden also are investing heavily in wind power. Denmark already gets 20 percent of its total power from wind energy. The US has only a third of Europe's wind power.
Solar power also has surged in Europe, with photovoltaic capacity in the European Union growing at an annual rate of 70 percent in recent years. Other energy forms are being developed, including geothermal, biomass, and small-scale hydro. Harnessing the limitless power of the sea has long been the dream of science fiction, and it is becoming reality in Europe. Imagine taking a windmill and sinking it beneath the sea -- that, in effect, is what engineers have done a mile off the British coast. Like a field of windmills, these underwater 'seamills' create the possibility of grids of undersea turbines producing thousands of megawatts of carbon-free power.
Portugal is the first country to pioneer an eye-popping new technology known as a 'sea snake' or 'energy eel'. Sea snakes are 100 meter-long floating cylinders that bob semi-submerged in the waves and convert wave motion to power that is then fed into underwater cables and brought to land. Portugal is planning a grid of 30 sea snake segments producing 20 megawatts of power, saving some 30 million tons of carbon emissions. Twenty-five of these grids could power a city the size of Lisbon.
Each country is deploying different technologies and acting as a laboratory for the others. Some countries have set ambitious goals: Sweden already generates 40 percent of its energy needs from renewables. In 2007, Germany generated 14 percent of its electricity from renewable energy, preventing 114 million tons of carbon emissions. Meanwhile the United States generates a paltry 6 percent of electricity from renewables.
Europe's economy has received a boost as a result of massive investment in the renewable energy sector. Hundreds of thousands of new jobs have been created, and as Germany and other countries have gained in technological expertise, they have begun exporting to markets all over the world, including to China and the United States. [в то время как у нас все еще поют песню мертвых - "drill babe, drill"]
While Europe's renewable energy sector is leading the world, most European advances have been more mundane -- just better ways of boosting conservation through greater energy efficiency, better mass transportation, and the incorporation of 'green' principles into everything from building design to urban planning to flushing toilets. Virtually all the experts agree: in the short term, the cheapest, easiest, and fastest way to reduce carbon emissions and tackle many of the world's energy shortages is through energy conservation via widespread use of existing technology.
Europe has become a leader in using green building design and construction practices, including for large commercial buildings as well as residential. Buildings are estimated to account for 50 percent of total energy use in newer cities and more than 70 percent in older urban areas.
Europe also has been pioneering what is known as 'cogeneration,' or 'combined heat and power' (CHP) systems. In conventional electricity generation, only about 35 percent of the fuel is converted into electricity while 65 percent is lost as wasted heat that is belched up the smokestack of the power plant. But cogeneration recaptures the heat and recycles it, achieving an efficiency of up to 90 percent. Denmark is leading the world in warming buildings with cogeneration methods. Hundreds of thousands of Danish homes and other buildings are warmed by surplus heat transported in insulated pipes from power plants. Recycled energy from cogeneration amounts to over 50 percent of all energy used in Denmark today; it makes up nearly 40 percent of all energy used in the Netherlands and Finland, and 20 percent in Germany, Poland, and Portugal, but only 8 percent in the United States. The average Dane now uses half as much electricity per year as the average American.
(the average US building uses roughly a third more energy than its German counterpart)
Europe's automobiles have engines that are about half the size of America's, requiring a lot less fuel than a gas guzzling American vehicle. The fuel standard of European vehicles is set to rise to fifty miles per gallon by 2012, but the Obama administration's new nationwide standards mandate an average of only 35.5 mpg by 2016. Even China has reached that by now.
Europe has built an impressive network of routes for high-speed trains that crisscross the continent, with even more in the works funded by $27.5 billion earmarked by the EU. But the US really has no high-speed train lines to speak of, and Obama has allocated only $8 billion for construction. That's too bad because trains emit only a third of the carbon per passenger compared to air travel.
For all these reasons, while the United States has seen a 21 percent increase in oil consumption since 1980, most European countries have seen significant drops. Denmark and Sweden's oil consumption declined by a third, Germany's by 20 percent, France's by 14 percent, and Italy's by 13 percent.
